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購買進(jìn)口儀器、試劑和耗材——就在始于2001年的畢特博生物 effectnews.cn |
耶魯大學(xué)的圖解,揭示了Xenicibis與眾不同的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu) 美國科學(xué)家一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一種不會(huì)飛的史前鳥類Xenicibis會(huì)利用翅膀上演中世紀(jì)式的肉搏大戰(zhàn)。它們的翅膀力量強(qiáng)大,好似連枷,能夠擊碎對方的骨頭。Xenicibis翅膀的骨骼粗壯而彎曲,這種特征在其他任何鳥類身上從未發(fā)現(xiàn)。爭斗時(shí),它們會(huì)用力拍打翅膀,攻擊對方,就像是揮舞著狼牙棒的中世紀(jì)騎士。 其他一些鳥類會(huì)用翅膀進(jìn)行防衛(wèi),將其當(dāng)成一個(gè)盾,只有Xenicibis將其當(dāng)成武器,用力拍打,攻擊敵人。美國康涅狄格州耶魯大學(xué)的科學(xué)家尼古拉斯·朗里奇博士表示:“其他鳥類并未進(jìn)化出這種特征。我們并不清楚其他任何鳥類種群是否將身體充當(dāng)連枷。這是我見過的鳥類家族中最特殊的武器。” Xenicibis是朱鷺的近親,生活在1萬年前。它們的棲息地只有一個(gè),那就是牙買加。這種史前鳥類的體型與雞相當(dāng),除了翅膀外,其他特征均與朱鷺家族的其他成員類似。根據(jù)科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn),Xenicibis的翅膀中長有手骨,已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成力量強(qiáng)大的棍棒式武器。朗里奇說:“第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)這種特征時(shí),我還認(rèn)為是某種畸形。這是一個(gè)非常怪異的特征,沒有人相信會(huì)是真的。”最近,朗里奇領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了部分Xenicibis骨骼。 與絕大多數(shù)不會(huì)飛的鳥類相比,Xenicibis的胸骨更大,翅膀更長。朗里奇說:“這是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的第一個(gè)線索,證明翅膀曾被用作武器。”根據(jù)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù),Xenicibis與現(xiàn)代朱鷺類似,擁有很強(qiáng)的地盤防衛(wèi)心理,為了爭奪巢穴和覓食權(quán)利,彼此間會(huì)展開爭斗。 科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)翅骨帶有爭斗留下的痕跡。其中一個(gè)是手骨,已經(jīng)骨折,另一個(gè)是1厘米厚的上臂骨,已經(jīng)斷為兩截。朗里奇表示這些損傷說明Xenicibis的翅膀擁有強(qiáng)大的力量??茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為,除了展開攻擊外,它們的翅膀也用于保護(hù)鳥蛋和幼仔,使其免遭捕食者襲擊。Xenicibis面臨著很多捕食者的威脅,其中包括牙買加黃蟒、一種體型很小現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕的猴子以及十幾種猛禽。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)刊登在《皇家學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)B》雜志上。 推薦原文出處:
Proc. R. Soc. B doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation Nicholas R. Longrich1,* and Storrs L. Olson2 Abstract Birds have frequently evolved to exploit insular environments by becoming adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle and losing the ability to fly, usually via reducing the wings and pectoral girdle. The enigmatic flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus (Threskiornithidae) from the Quaternary of Jamaica provides a rare example of flight loss in ibises. We report on previously undescribed fossils of Xenicibis, and show that the wing differed radically from that of all other birds, flightless or volant. The metacarpus is elongate, grotesquely inflated and has extremely thick walls; phalanges are short and block-like; the radius is distally expanded; and the humerus is elongate. The furcula, coracoid and sternum are all well developed. We propose that the elongate forelimb and massive hand functioned in combat as a jointed club or flail. This hypothesis is supported by the morphology of the carpometacarpus, by features permitting rapid extension of the wing and by the presence of fractures in wing bones. Although other birds use the wings as weapons, none resemble Xenicibis, which represents a unique and extraordinary morphological solution to this functional problem. Xenicibis strikingly illustrates how similar selective pressures, acting on a similar starting point, can result in novel outcomes. |
購買進(jìn)口儀器、試劑和耗材——就在始于2001年的畢特博生物
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